ࡱ> '` bjbj{P{P .::""""\d",+"("""""""*******$+,h.j*"""""*""*((("b""*("*((("" F+7"&%(**0+(.'".((|.*""("""""**("""+""""dd AUTOMOBILES ININDIA. There is no branch of trade inIndiain which American manufacturers have made more encouraging progress in recent years than in motor cars. The prospects for increased business are bright, in view of the success and popularity which American cars in this country already enjoy. The statistics of export toIndiaof cars from different countries for the year 1913-14 are as follows:  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://books.google.com/books?id=RmMuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA191&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&q=british+india+with+notes+on+ceylon&sig=ACfU3U1e_joMHU77_e8Y_k5e1iHMXo_osg&edge=0&edge=stretch&w=307&h=108&ci=118,519,765,268" \* MERGEFORMATINET  Motor cars are now extensively used throughoutIndia.In Calcutta about 2,000 motor cars are registered and in Bombay about 1,000. The cars are of various makes, but the cheap class of car predominates. There is keen competition between English and American manufacturers. While English cars retain a popular position for touring purposes, American cars are in better favor for use in and around different cities and towns, being cheaper and more serviceable. One American car holds the long-distance speed record ofIndia,having made the trip of 1,470 miles between Bombay and Calcutta in 791 hours. MOST SUITABLE CONSTRUCTION. The kind of car suitable forIndiawouldeasilylend itself to tropical conditions. Any car suitable for use inIndiashould be fitted with " a large petrol tank and ample radiator. Detachable wheels, preferably wire, are a desideratum. Wood gives place to metal for body work. A ground clearance of at least 8 inches is essential. Cars of 20horsepowerare as a rule most suitable. The equipment of the car forIndiashould comprise a folding hood and wind screen, two spare wheels fitted with tires, a good handy tool kit, a strong luggage grid, an assortment of spare parts for the chassis, a waterproof canvas cover answering the double purpose of enveloping the car at night and acting in emergencies as a tent. Sea air, combined with the stuffiness of a ship's hold, have a deleterious effect on the paintwork and bright parts of a car, and packers should safeguard owners against trouble of this kind. The best-known makes of cars are represented by agencies inIndia,and as cars are sold at and sometimes below the actual maker's price, plus cost ofimportation,the purchaser's selection may be decided upon on arrival inIndia.It is customary for purchasers to intrust the clearing,unpacking,and testing of cars imported to firms catering for this business inIndia. DETAILS OF PREFERENCES IN OARS. There is only a limited demand at present for small two-seated cars, but this demand is rapidly growing. In general, a 44-inch tread and 80-inch wheel base would be suitable for Indian roads, but sufficient clearance would be required underneath to clear any obstacle such as a large stone. Some small cars sent out toIndiahave been unsalable through having too low clearance. The duty on cars and parts is 5 per cent, which is figured by taking 5 per cent of the c. i. f. and c. value. Registration taxes and municipal taxes usually have to be paid, but usually do not amount to over $5 each. Gasoline inIndiacosts about 33 centspergallon. It is practically impossible to sell cars inIndiawith the left-hand drive, right-hand, steering being compulsory in most districts. The use of brass ware painted olack is an unattractive feature of American cars from the Indian standpoint. Owners of cars much prefer that all brass ware should be left the color of brass, especially as the labor cost of keeping the brass ware bright is not sufficient to be of any practical importance. Many owners of American cars inIndia,while, generally speaking, well satisfied with their cars, think that a little more attention might be bestowed on making the bodies look more attractive, even if this involves somewhathigherprices for the cars. The native nobility and princes ofIndiaare large purchasers of motor cars, sometimes owning dozens of them. Many of them are fond of sporting models, say, 40 horsepower and able to do 80 miles an hour. The following description of a car purchased by Her Highness the Begum of Bhopal, may be of interest: It is a 6-cylinder 50-norsepower saloon limousine. The exterior is painted in Parma violet, the interior being upholstered in Dublin woven tapestry to match. The car seats seven people with comfort, the interior being fitted with revolving settee chairs and rear seat. A rich curtain of silk to match the general decoration scheme can be drawn behind the driving seat in order to secure privacy when required. TAXICABS AND CYCLE CABS. Taxicabs are in popular use in both Bombay and Calcutta, although, strictly speaking, they are not taxicabs but secondhand cars of any sort which are hired out. After the Durbar at Delhi a great many very handsome cars, which were imported especially for this occasion, were afterwards put on the market as secondhand^ cars and are now largely used as taxicabs. The fares are low, being only about double that of horse carriages. There is a small demand for cycle cars, owing to the public being of the opinion that tires are not sufficiently strong for ordinary rough usage to which they are subjected. It is generally considered that in another year's tune there will be an extensive trade in thesemachines. Motor cycles are extensively used by persons whose incomes hardly warrant purchase of motor cars. Side-car attachments are popular. The postal service ofIndiauses a great number of these cars for delivering letters in outlying districts. Such care are always painted red, the official color ofIndia. All correspondence with Indian firmsconcerningmotor cars should be in English. It is difficult to place agencies inIndiafor a car except by the representative of the manufacturer calling personally and demonstrating the car to the dealers. MOTOR-VEHICLE OWNERS IN BOMBAY. The Times ofIndiaDirectory for 1914, published in Bombay, shows that there are at present approximately 3,000 motor-vehicle owners registered within the Bombay Presidency. MOTOR VEHICI/B8 IN SOUTHINDIA. As an instance of the recognition given in southernIndiato the great advantage in using motor vehicles for rapid transport, the government of the prosperous State of Mysore has announced a scheme of making advances of money or salary to its employees for the purchase of either motor cars or motor cycles. The new scheme will make it easy for the higher-salaried officials to purchase motor cars and for employees of lower salaries to purchase motor cycles. For the purchase of motor cars a grant of $1,334 is to be given, or four months' extra salary, whichever is the lower, and for the purchase of motor cycles and side cars a grant will be allowed of $500, or four months'" salary, whichever is the lower. In either case the money thus advanced is to be repaid to the government in 36 monthly installments without interest. The loan will be secured by a mortgafe which the government will hold on the motor car or motor cycle purchased. Thus the motor vehicle can be put to use at once, but the expense will not have to be entirely met for three years. PURPOSE OF PLANNUMBER OF POSSIBLE PURCHASERS. The government of this Native State of Mysore, which is next to Hyderabad as regards population,area,and general importance among the independent Native States ofIndia,is noted for its progressiveness. and in initiating this plan of encouraging the use of motor vehicles among its employees it has been actuated by a desire to increase the efficiency of the public service, and especially to make it easier for the government officials to go to and from their work with little loss of time and to attend to official services outside their offices with greater celerity. The fact also that such motor vehicles may provide the opportunity for wholesome recreation outside of working hours, and also may make it possible for government employees to live at longer distances from their work, where rent may be cheaper and better homes obtainable, has furnished another motive to the government for the adoption of this interesting scheme. Of course the purchase of a motor car or motor cycle will depend upon the amount of the employee's salary, as an advance can not be obtained for an amount larger than the total salary for three years. There are 9144215 13 over 1,000 persons on the Mysore government civil list, most of whom draw salaries which will readily permit them to take advantage of the government's plan for granting loans for the purchase of motor vehicles. I understand that there is already a great number of applications by Mysore government officials to obtain the advances necessary to equip themselves with motor vehicles. I am also told that the governments of other States ofIndiaare nowconsideringthe same plan, and that its widespread adoption throughoutIndiais a possibility of the future. FAVORABLECONDITIONSFORUSEOFMOTORCARS. General conditions throughout SouthIndiaare highly favorable for rapidly developing trade in motor cars and motor cycles. The roads in the vicinity of the leading cities are excellent, and in the country districts they average up as well, if not better, than in the United States. Most of SouthIndia,except on the Neilgherry Hills and the Eastern andWesternGhats, is either level or only mildly undulating, so that the roads are mostly broad and easy and safe to traverse. Moreover, other methods of getting about the country than by motor vehicles require considerable waste of time. The train service is slow and infrequent, and many suburban localities of large populations are not reached at all in this way. Rickshaws are much used for transportation, and considering that they are drawn by human power their efficiency for going even such distances as 30 miles is remarkable; still they are not nearly so fast as motor vehicles, especially when any uphill work is required.. Moreover, in some towns, especially in Madras, there is considerable social prejudice against their use, Europeans and the more well-to-do natives considering that horse carriages, or still better, motor vehicles, are more in keeping with their personal dignity. Horse carriages -are somewhat pretentious in appearance, and nearly always have, besides the coachman, one or two syces" or footmen for the sake of style. They are usually drawn by horses which have been sold by the army authorities as being too old and slow for military work, though many persons owning their own conveyances often import a better class of horses from Australia. CONDITIONS IN MADRAS VERY FAVORABLE TO USE OF MOTOR CARS. Madras, the largest city of SouthIndia,about 8$ miles long and 3| miles wide, with an actual area of 27 square miles, and some 300 miles of macadamized streets and roads, affords an extremely good example of the advantages of motor vehicles. This is certainly a city of magnificent distances, as one soon learns when attempting to get about. The city includes military parade grounds, parks, golf courses, and tennis grounds, and more or less of such space nearly always has to be crossed in going anywhere about the city. The leading hotels and clubs are located near one end of the city, the leading shops are on a long road (the Mount Road), and the banks, wholesale business houses, and wharves are scattered about some distance away in another section of the city. On account of the long time it would take to get to their homes or clubs or to hotels andrestaurants, most of the -business men of Madras have their lunches every day at their own offices. Madras has a tramcar service, but very few localities are conveniently reached this way, and this service, moreover, is utilized almost entirely by the lower classes of the native population. CONDITIONS IN MYSORE AND PONDICHERRY. Bangalore, the leading city of Mysore, is similar to Madras in the difficulty of getting about conveniently and quickly, the hotels and leading residences being separated from the business district by large areas given up to grounds for parade and maneuvering of troops, golf and race courses, etc. This city's new tramway is about to be put in operation, and an effort is to be made to popularize its use by the well-to-do classes by dividing the cars into compartments for first and second class passengers, instead of having facilities for only one class, as at Madras; but it seems hardly likely that even then the tramcars will detract from the rapidly growing use and popularity of motor vehicles. I am not aware that in any other cities of SouthIndiathere are any tramway systems, and in many towns, unless one walks, the only means of getting from place to place is by bullock carts. In Pondicherry, the capital of the French possessions inIndia,located several hundred miles south of Madras, there is a curious system of locomotion by "poussepousses," which are like bath chairs, and are not drawn but are pushed by one or two men from behind while a person in front steers with a rather awkwardly arranged lever. If not careful, he is likely to have a collision or upset the vehicle. In this French colony the use of bicycles and motor cycles is increasing rapidly, but probably not over 15 motor cars are owned there. AMERICAN MOTOR VEHICLES ON SOUTH INDIAN MARKET. There are about seven different makes of American motor cars and one American motor cycle on the South Indian market. The American car which has been most extensively advertised here sells for $950, including lamps, hood, and wind screen. The cheaper types of American cars are so well advertised and promoted here through agents who fully recognize their selling merits that it is needless to comment further on them, except to suggest that American manufacturers should be careful to keep their agencies well stocked with parts and perhaps to send out occasionally expert mechanics to instruct the native workmen and chauffeurs how to meet promptly any mechanical difficulties which may occur. For operating many cars inIndia,especially those traversing long distances, two men are in charge of the car, the chauffeur and an assistant who ordinarily sits on the side step and is expected to do most of the laborious work of replacing tires, etc. POSSIBLE OPENING FOR HIGH-PRICED CARSDESCRIPTION OF ORNATE CAR SOLD. It would seem that American high-priced cars, especially limousines, ought also to be represented in the South Indian trade, although of course to a more limited extent. In a population of over 65,000,000there must certainly be a number of individuals, especially among the successful merchant class and native aristocracy, who could buy such cars if the superior qualities of these vehicles were made known. Cars intended for the ladies of Mohammedan and highcaste Hindu communities should be so constructed that they may be readily closed in by curtains. For the information of American manufacturers of high-grade cars whomightlike to do business with some of the native potentates ofIndia,who are generous purchasers of such cars, the following description of a car that wasimportedfrom England for the use of the ruler of the largest Native State inIndiais given: It has a 40 to 50 horsepower, six-cylinder chassis, detachable wheels, and groove tires. The rear part of the body is raised, giving a higher seat for the Nizam, and the back cushion is fitted with double folding arm rests, which when down afford an extremely comfortable armchair seat in the center. There are also in the interior of the car four small collapsible seats for the officials of his highness. The "celestial" or domed roof is finished with silver beading and bordered with silver fender plating of fleur-de-lis pattern. The ornamentation on the top of the domed roof is a silver "cap of maintenance," an emblem of local significance, which adds to the dignity of the car's appearance. It is interesting to note that the total weight of the body, including canopy, cap of maintenance, wind screen, wings, platform steps, and all the coachwork, is under 940 pounds. The painting is 01 a rich canary yellow, with gold mountings, the upholstery being in old-gold silk brocade, with silk laces to match; also silk curtains in old gold are fitted on either side of the Nizam's seat. The car is fitted with an electric lighting system, the lamps of which are all silver plated. The Nizam's coat of arms is painted on the side and back panels, completing a most luxurious equipage. SALE OF MOTOR CYCLESSIDE CARS VERY POPULAR. With reference to the sale of American motor cycles in this market, local dealers have informed me that American manufacturers should not send red cycles toIndia,the red color of the one American car now offered here having greatly interfered with its sale and offsetting other special advantages, such as the fact that it is unusually wellsprung.These cycles should be either black, blue, or slate color. Red inIndiais the color of official service, and persons in red uniform in the service of the Government who might be using motor cycles do not seem to wish their cycles to match their clothing, nor do persons not in the public service wish to ride cycles of a color which might suggest that they are postmen or policemen. Side cars for motor cycles are much used in southernIndia,especially by Europeans, who like to have such provision for taking their wives or children out with them; in fact, it is doubtful if motor cycles would have much sale here without such provision for side cars. As most of the motor cycles in use are of English manufacture, it might be well for American manufacturers to follow the English patterns for side-car equipment and attachment, as dealers already stocked with English side cars would not then be prejudiced against American cycles because of the difficulty of fitting these side cars to them. SMALL MARKET FOR MOTOR WAGONS. With regard to motor wagons fortransportingfreight, there is not such urgent need for them in southernIndiaas inCeylon.There is a good deal of rinderpest and foot-and-mouth disease among the bullocks used for freight transportation in southernIndia,but these animals are usually easy to obtain here, and they are also of exceptionally good breeds, especially those from Mysore, which have not lost any of the reputation which they won a hundred years ago when they were of invaluable service to the Duke of Wellington during his campaign in SouthIndia.During the Peninsular War the duke is said to have expressed regret many times that he did not have the services of Mysore cattle for transporting his supplies. It is evident, however, that these animals at their best are not as valuable for practical use as motor wagons, and it seemspossiblethat leading business firms and large planters in southernIndiamay in the future decide to use the latter, though it is probable that the small native farmers, who conduct most of the agriculture of the country, will always continue to use bullock teams. It is understood that a considerable number of motor wagons are now in use in Bombay, but so far in Madras only a small beginning has been made by one firm. Elephants are used in Mysore for carrying exceptionally heavy loads, as, for instance, in transporting water-power machinery from the nearest railway depot, about 20 miles, to the Cauvery Falls transmission station. In the new installation, however, which is soon to take place, the elephant is to be retired from service for such work in favor of specially constructed trucks to be drawn by traction engines. AMERICANCARS iX MADRAS. [By Consul Jos de Ollvares, Madras.l With the aid of local trade lists supplied by the consulate to manufacturers and exporters in the United States, and in a number of instances through the cooperation of traveling representatives specially sent out to investigate this field, seven new agencies for American motor cars, in addition to the one previously located here, and two agencies for American motor cycles have been established in Madras since July, 1911. The business done by these agencies has in every instance greatly exceeded the expectations of the firms creating and accepting them. In a personal canvass of all the local dealers in motor vehicles on March 25, 1913, I ascertained that up to that date 158 American motor cars, including seven different makes, and 12 American motor cycles of two different makes, had been sold in this consular district, besides which 36 motor cars and 12 motor cycles had been ordered from the United States. It is a testimony to the local preference for American motor vehicles that every agent for such machines in Madras assured me that cars imported from the United States are sold as fast as they are received, and in not a few instances sales are effected in advance of their arrival. GROWTH OF IMPORTS FROM UNITED STATESMOST POPULAR TYPES. The relative volume of imports of American motor vehicles as compared with that of other nations materially increased in 1912. In the fiscal year ended March 31, 1914, the total importation of motor vehicles into the Madras Presidency from all countries amounted to 8636,670, against $434,943 in 1913. The total number of motor cars imported from all countries into the Presidency in the fiscal year ended March 31, 1914, was 465, of which 285 were feritish made and 163 American made. Motorcycles to the number of 310 were received from all countries, 288 of which were supplied by the United Kingdom. The types of American motor cars which are filling the popular demand in southern.Indiaare the 25 to 30 horsepower, 4-cylinder, torpedo-model, touring cars, seating five persons, and retailing in the United States at $850 to $1,500. There is little demand in this consular district for the high-priced touring car, and the roadster type of automobile has yet to be popularized. Motor vehicles are retailed in Madras both on a cash" basis and on the installment plan. Terms of payment are, in a majority of cases, arranged to suit the convenience of the purchaser. Motor cars retailing here at $1,230 are offered, under favorable conditions, on a first payment of $162, with 11 consecutive monthly payments of $97, and 5 per cent interest on the deferred payments. This plan enables many persons to acquire motor vehicles who could not buy for cash. IMPORTANCE OF ADEQUATE PACKING FIELD FOR MOTOR CYCLES. Local importers have called the attention of this consulate to the fact that in some instances the packing cases in which motor cars are shipped from the United States are not constructed to withstand the strain of the long journey toIndiawith the necessary transshipments, so that cars are sometimes injured in transit. To insure safety to such shipments, the boards used Li the exterior construction of the packing cases should be firmly nailed to a substantial framework of 2-inch studding, with adequate ulterior cross bracing of the same material. There are excellent opportunities for introducing American motor cycles into this consular district. While two American agencies have been established in Madras, the representation is by no means commensurate with the possibilities of the market. Local dealerssaythat the extensive sale of American motor cycles in southernIndiahas thus far been retarded by the difficulty of keeping up adequate stocks of accessories and parts. The motor cycles most popular in Madras are the kind which retail in the United States at $175 to $250. If American motor-cycle manufacturers would offer inducements to local importers to push the American machines and carry ample stocks of accessories and parts, it is believed that a large share of the present business in those vehicles would be diverted to the United States. AMERICAN AUTOMOBILES IN BURMA. |By Consul Maxwell K. Moot-head, Rangoon.l American automobiles have become firmly established in Burma. During the year ended March 31, 1914, the United States supplied 149 automobiles, valued at $120,350, against 57, valued at $49,740, during the preceding year. The United States also sent 14 commercial cars, valued at $19,080. These light commercial vehicles are used by the Rangoon post office to deliver mail to the branch offices, by the Burma railways for their parcel deliveries, and by a few of the retail stores. The United Kingdom sent 106 automobiles, valued at $141,210, 233 motor cycles, valued at $52,640, and parts, $62,190. All other countries furnished only 11 automobiles, valued at $13,480, and 10 motor cycles, valued at $2,110. These statistics, however, do not give full credit to imports from the United States. Quite a number of American automobiles are purchased in England and recorded as imports therefrom. Also about 25 motor cycles were shipped into Burma from the London agency of a well-known American manufacturer. TAXICABSERVICEPOPULARTYPES. In April, 1914, G. MacKenzine & Co. established a motor taxicab system in Rangoon25 four-passenger American cars (Hupmobile) were placed on the streets, 25 additional cars have been ordered, and if the system is successful 50 more American cars will be needed. The rate is 16 cents a mile. On account of the bad roads in Burma, touring is impossible. The streets of Rangoon, while greatly improved during the past year, are still, except in the business section, rough and badly paved. The expensive touring car has little demand. Twenty-horsepower fourcylinder, four or five passenger cars are the most popular, selling from $800 to $2,500 retail. Few runabouts are used. Cars with left-hand steering and control can not be sold in Burma. A fewBritish-madecycle cars were recently imported. The demand for this type of car is not great at present, but may increase as the cars become better known. Automobiles and component parts imported into Burma are dutiable at 5 per cent ad valorem. Motor cars designed to carry goods are free. MOTOR TRUCKS. Business circles inIndiaare manifesting increasing interest in the possibility of extensively using motor trucks, wagons, or lorries for commercial transport over short distances where slow-going bullock carts are now mostly used. TRANSPORTBYMOTORTRUCKSASCHEAPASBYBULLOCKCARTS. Although it has been a common belief inIndiathat the bullockcart mode of transport is the cheapest possible under the circumstances, recent experiments with motor trucks have shown that motor transport is really much cheaper. For instance, in Bombay, where a vast amount of cotton has to be handled every year, it is acommon sight to see on the streets a string of about 30 bullock carts, each drawn by 2 oxen and loaded with 3 or 4 bales of cotton. Taking 4 bales as a maximum load, it is obvious that it requires 30 men, 30 carts, and 60 bullocks to move 120 bales of cotton, and it takes them 1 hour to cover 3 miles, the approximate cost being $9.73 for the trip. The same number of bales could be carried in 5 motor lorries, at a cost of $1.60 per car, or $8 in all, and the time occupied would be 15 minutes. Besides this saving in time and in cost of transport, there also would be a great saving in wages. Allowing a driver and one assistant for each commercial motor vehicle, it would be necessary to pay the wages of only 10 men for a quarter of an hour, instead of 30 men for a full hour, thus adding at least another $1.60 to the economic advantage possessed by the motor vehicle over the bullock cart for transport purposes. USE OF MOTOR TRUCKS IN CONNECTION WITH RAILWAY SERVICE. Moreover it is now_ recognized that inIndiathere is a great field for motortransportin connection with railways. There are many small towns inIndiawhere the cost of laying down a railway is out of all proportion to the immediate return likely to be received for the expenditure. For distances up to 100 miles and loads up to 5 tons, it can easily be seen that an enormous economy in time and in expenditure would result from the use of motor traction. The units being so much smaller than those of a freight train, there would be a minimum of difficulty in regularly finding full loads for the vehicles, and a properly organized system could be so arranged that the running of unladen vehicles on the return journey would be reduced to a minimum. In this connection an economic conference, which was held in the State of Mysore in June, 1913, under the auspices of the Government of this progressive Native State, passed a resolution declaring that: In the opinion of this conference it may be possible to introduce motor-traction services for passengers and goods on some of the important routes in the State, and that the Committee of Industries and Commerce be requested to consider the subject and place their report on it before the next session of the conference, such report to include (a) particulars of route? on which such a service may prove remunerative, with traffic statistics,(b)particulars of vehicle service recommended, and (c) mode of organizing and financing. USE AS PRELIMINARY TO LIGHT RAILWAYS. In response to this resolution, Mr. Alfred Chatterton, Director of Industries and Commerce of the Mysore government, has prepared a bulletin on the subject of Feeder Railways and Motor Transport. In this bulletin Mr. Chatterton gives a list of some of the more promising routes on which motor cars might be experimentally tried, and also suggests several branch railways which might be operated in conjunction with a motor-car service. Mr. Chatterton says in this bulletin: Motor tractors with a short train of wagons taking loads of 10 to 20 tons can easily compete with bullock carts when the latter have to be hired, but there must be sufficient work to keep them regularly employed. To insure this, out agencies working with the railways will have to be established and goods received at and consigned to these agencies. This means establishing warehouses and goods yards. The longer the route the more certainty there is of being able to compete against the countrycart at the outset. The steady miscellaneous traffic going on all the year will be at first all that can be dealt with, but by combining the services along a number of routes under one administration, it will be possible by transfer of motor vehicles from one route to another and by holding a reserve of carrying capacity to deal with seasonal traffic to some extent. Bearing in mind that the main object of these motortransport projects will be to prepare the way for railways, it will be easy to determine along what roads they should be first established. In an undulating country like Mysore, light railways can hardly be expected to cost less than $10,000 a mile, which means that for a line 30 miles long the capital required will be $300,000. For $16,666 a service of motor cars carrying 50'to 60 passengers each way per day can be provided, and if effectually maintained they will soon test the demand for improved means of communication. Further, if kept running for a year or two, they will create traffic, and even if they no more than pay their expenses they will prove an economical prelude to light railways. For heavy-goods traffic the cost of mechanical road traction will involve a somewhat heavier outlay, but the result will be worth it. Either they will prove the case for a railway and contribute to the success of same, or they will demonstrate that the prospects of traffic are not sufficient to justify going on with a railway scheme. Regarding the employment of motor vehicles as a preliminary to railways and assigning to them the function of preparing the way for a more costly permanent im Erovement in methods of transport, and regarding as a matter of secondary importance, ut by no means neglecting this aspect, the prospects of immediate profit, it seems obvious that the Government should undertake this establishment of regular motor services. A central administration with central workshops for repair work that can not be done in the running sheds will prove much cheaper and more efficient than a number of separate motor-vehicle companies scattered over the State. The efforts that have been made so far by private enterprise have met with no success, and the starting of motor services unless under favorable conditions is to be deprecated as likely to bring the movement into discredit. It is not proposed in tiiis note to discuss technical details. Special inquiries will have to be made, as designs of vehicles are by no means stereotyped. All that can now be said with advantage is that for passenger traffic the vehicles should be propelled by internal-combustion engines, while it is an open question whether steam or petrol should be the source of motive power in vehicles of the heavier type and much slower speed suitable for the transport of goods. MERCHANDISE TONNAGE MOVED FROM INTERIOR POINTS. In view of the attention lately given in the daily press ofIndiato the commercial motors, and in consequence of the interesting statements made in Mr. Chattel-ton's bulletin, a recent issue of the Indian Trade Journal, an official publication of the Government ofIndia,gives a list showing thequantityof merchandise moved by rail and river from internal blocks inIndiawhere it is thought that a motor service could conveniently carry the available tonnage. For some of the most important Provinces, the quantity in tons of merchandise exported from such blocks in 1911-12 was as follows:  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://books.google.com/books?id=RmMuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA201&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&q=british+india+with+notes+on+ceylon&sig=ACfU3U2b449T__OS7VsSqFgFQRfH7xyj8Q&edge=0&edge=stretch&w=322&h=67&ci=80,1104,803,164" \* MERGEFORMATINET  DISCUSSION OF INDIAN MOTOR TRANSPORT AT IMPERIAL CONFERENCE. At an Imperial Motor Transport Conference in London, at which there was appointed apermanentcommittee to deal with motortraction matters within theBritishEmpire, the prospects in Indi.a for the manufacturers of commercial vehicles were clearly placed before the meeting by representatives of theCeylonChamber of Commerce and theUpper IndiaChamber of Commerce at Cawnpore. The delegate fromCeylonexplained that 3,000,000 ton-miles of tea transport by motor trucks was urgently required. He mentioned one instance in which it took seven months tocarrysome fertilizer 40 miles from the railroad to a particular state inCeylon.The delegate from UpperIndiastated that if the right sortofmotor vehicle were introduced, an enormous demand would follow. He mentioned that what was desired was a vehicle suitable for transporting cotton, cotton yarn, piece goods, grain, etc., within the limits of towns, but not upon mam roads between towns. Such goods at present are carried about in two-wheeled carts drawn by bullocks, and in some cases by men and bullocks combined, with an average speed of about 1J miles an hour. The Indian Office in London was also represented at this conference by Col. R. H. Ewart, who showed to what an immense extent the Indian army would benefit by introducing motor transport. He estimated that one 2-ton motor lorry could do in 10 days the transport work which would occupy six bullock carts for 80 days. He mentioned that by using motor lorries there could be an extremely important reduction in tiie length of transport columns, and also that one man in charge of a motor lorry could take the place of 35 men in charge of a bullock-cart train. He suggested that the army department ofIndiain the near future would probably purchase a few motor vehicles for experiment. MOTORS FOR INDIAN MAIL SERVICE. It has been announced that among improvements contemplated by the Post Office Department in Bombay is the employment of motor lorries instead of horse-drawn vehicles for carrying mails. It is proposed to introduce about 12 motor lorries and do away with the existing vehicles. . The motors will deal with mails between the docks and the post office, the carriage of mails to and from the railway stations, and generally replace the present means of transit, so that the mails can be handled with greater dispatch. Bombay will be the first city inIndiaproper to be provided with motor lorries for the postal service, but they have already been introduced in Rangoon, where they have proved a great convenience. The Director General of Posts and Telegraphs at Simla (W. Maxwell, Esq.), has purchased for the use of post offices in rural communities twenty side-car combination motor cycles. At first this experiment will be confined to 20 posts in various parts of the country, but it is expected that later a considerable fleet of these motor cycles will be put into use. In an interview with the Bombay Times the Director General states: The motor cycle has arrived at such a state of perfection that we think we are justified in generally adopting it. In any case it is considerably cheaper to run than the horsedrawn vehicle, and enables a much quicker service to be provided. Suitable precautions will be taken to provide against breakdowns. USE OF TRUCKS IN BOMBAY. One leading motor-car company in Bombay has been introducing commercial motor cars for a variety of purposes. These cars havebeen fitted with large tanks for the conveyance of oil, petrol, water, etc. In addition to carrying goods, they nave also been used as fire engines, omnibuses, trolleys, electric tramway tower wagons, etc. This firm has also supplied a fleet of motor vans for the Ameer of Afghanistan. A prospectus has just been issued of another motor-car company, the Western Indian Transport Co. (Ltd.), with a capital stock of about $115,000, the main object of which is to purchase and maintain a fleet of motor lorries suitable for carting large quantities of cotton and other merchandise to and from the docks to the various cotton mills and other works situated in the surrounding districts of Bombay city. It is intended to maintain a fleet of 20 to 25 motor lorries fitted with solid rubber tires. A site opposite the new Alexandra docks has been purchased for a garage, and a workshop is already in course of erection at a cost of about $3,500. The company has already two motor lorries running for experimental purposes. The prospectus of the new company states: Official statistics show that the volume of merchandise entering and leaving Bombay annually amounts to not less than 53,493,680 hundredweight, and that there are upward of 11,000 bullock carts now engaged in this transport trade, so that there is ample scope for the company to extend its operations at some future date. It is proposed to run the lorries on the unit system by which, as is well known, no van can be thrown out of use for any prolonged period, as practically every individual part can be replaced within a small space of time from the stock always available. The running expenses per mile per van should be 30 cents. Out of 21 vans, 18 should be running continuously, and 3 be kept at the garage for overhauling, each van working for about 25 days in a month at a rate of 30 miles per day per van; total mileage, 13,500 for 18 vans during the month. Motor vans are being increasingly used by the health department of Bombay for disposing of city refuse. MOTORTRUCKSINCALCUTTA. In the city of Calcutta the movement in favor of commercial motor cars also appears to be gaining considerable headway. The " Englishman" of that citynotes: There are now a fairly large number of motor lorries used for transport business in Calcutta, and there is every prospect of a further increase in their number. From the point of view of speed, of rourse the bullock cart is not in it with the motor lorry and, according to expert calculation, even the question of cost is not so prohibitive a factor in the employment of mechanical traction when its advantages are also placed in the balance, as was believed at one time. Motor traction is only a trifle dearer than bullock traction, but the difference is more than made up by quickness and less risk of loss of goods by the new method of transportation. A company is also now organized at Calcutta for the commercial transport business. The manager visited London, Paris, Berlin, and other cities of Europe, in order to become informed as to the best European methods of successfully conducting a business in the operation of commercial motors. MOTOR Kt'SSKS AND TRUCKS IN CALCUTTA. [By Vice Consul General John Stuart Hunt, Calcutta.l A representative of the London General Omnibus Co., of London, England, has organized the General Omnibus & Transport Co. of Calcutta to handle the merchandise transportation and street passenger traffic of Calcutta. Of the $2,500,000 capital stock, $1,000,000 had already been subscribed in London, where it is intended to sell the remainder. A service of about 100 motor busses and 400 motor lorries or trucks will be instituted. The busses will be single deckers and will be of three typesfirst, second, and third class. The motor lorries are intended to supplant the native oxcarts for moving the vast amount of incoming and outgoing freight at both the railway terminals and the shipping and landing docks. The oxcart can only legally and physically carry a small load and is very slow, while the motor lorry or truck will be able to transport large loads safely and more expeditiously, and thus relieve the more or less congested condition at the terminals and certain near-by streets, as well as be of material benefit to shippers and others in securing prompt delivery of their merchandise and, it is thought, at reduced cost. As the present street railway system gives unsatisfactory service, and as the passenger transportation facilities of the motor busses will be continuous, fast, clean, and cheap, it is thought that the public will be materially benefited through the institution of an improved passenger transport service. BICYCLES INMADRAS. [By Consullostde Olivarcs, Madras. The expansive area of the city of Madras and the inadequacy of its interurban tramcar system necessitate the use of an unusually large number of private conveyances of every description. The chief commercial district is separated from the European residential section by a system of esplanades and military reservations 2J miles in width. Added to this, Madras has 300 miles of macadamized streets and roadways, the excellence of which is surpassed nowhere. OPPORTUNITY FOR AMERICAN BICYCLESIMPORTS. The same conditions which make for trade in motor cycles in Madras likewise result in a large local business in bicycles and their accessories. The bicycle is in use by all classes, embracing Europeans, Eurasians, and Indians. Among the numerous makes of bicycles in use hereabouts, the majority of which are English, the following machines figure prominently: Singer, Rover, Gladiator, B. S. A., Humber, Triumph, Swift, Milford, James, Raleigh, Rudge-Whilworth, Starley, Minoru, and Component. The prevailing retail prices of bicycles in this market range from $18 to $81, the most popular types being among the cheaper and intermediate grades. A large amount of the local retail business in bicycles is on the hire-purchase system. It is believed that serviceable American-made bicycles which could be retailed here at $20 to $50 would find a good market in this district. 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