I have been involved with Pedestrianisation projects & Road Design in a few cities in India hence can contribute a few bits here on Speed Breakers. Speed breakers serve 2 purpose, one being speed reduction from a vehicle point of view where passive designs like painted rumblers also are used. The other aspect being pedestrian safety.
1 Most of the speed breakers are wrongly designed and placed on Indian roads.
An ideal speed breaker should actually be a gentle 'Hump' and not a dreadful 'Bump', this is not as per what I say, but actually the Code as per Indian Road Congress. The following is a citation from an article "According to IRC guidelines, a speed breaker should have a radius of 17m with a width of 3.7m and height of 0.1m. It is calculated to reduce the speed of vehicle to 25kmph. Organisations like Central Road Research Institute (CRRI) have also come up with a code for speed breakers at various junctions." Source(
https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-...us%20junctions.)
When I was involved in multiple pedestrianisation projects in Ahmedabad, Nashik, Mumbai & Bengaluru, we found out that anywhere between 70-80% speed breakers are wrongly designed on the roads.
2 What accounts for wrong design?
a)Wrong Width & Height combination,
b)Wrong location
These are majorly the two most common mistakes that contribute to the wrong design of speed breakers.
3 Why does this happen? The answer is that most of the Implementing authorities/professionals are themselves unaware of such norms, and in many cases are reluctant to get it done rightly as that will require constant supervision of contractors work. Being involved in these projects I can tell you contractor is the king, and no one tells the contractor what has to be done!
In come cities the Table to type Speedbreaker-Crossing have been implemented illogically.
4 Category of road and Interval of speed breakers.
Generally Speed breakers are to be avoided and not allowed(unless geometrical design constrain) on the following roads: National Highways, State Highways, Arterial roads(urban) as these roads cater to through traffic with high vehicular speed. Basically grade separated pedestrian crossing structures have to be provided at Pedestrian - Vehicular conflict points for these category of roads, unless the volume is very low.
The Moment you are on a Sub arterial, Collector or Local street(All urban) which are supposed to have traffic speeds between 50 to 30 kmph respectively the speed breaker intervals are quite frequent. because these roads have more Pedestrian traffic and by globally accepted ethics, pedestrian has the priority Right of Way and in India Speed Breakers are 'the' only thing that provides Safe Right of Way. Unfortunately they are not implemented right.
5 In countries with better driving sense drivers respect & follow the mere markings on road to slow down for example the zigzag marking on either side of lane commonly seen in UK (might be in other countries too but which I am unaware of).
6 In India a rogue/ignorant motorist driving at a high speed on local and Collector roads is of a much great danger considering the population and densities on street even in non peak hours. Hence Speed Breakers are a necessity especially considering the driving discipline of most of us, I must admit in my early college days with all that warm blood and 'josh' even I was a ignorant to driving discipline.
7 I have travelled in Bengaluru(city of speed breakers) for many assignments and fortunately my travelling within city used to be during non-peak hours. I have been in situation where cabbies were driving rashly at night despite those speed breakers. Generally most of us travel during the peak hours in urban limits, and I agree that during peak hour with already slow moving traffic the speed breakers(ill designed) become troublesome, yet think of it from a non peak hour & pedestrian perspective things start looking justified.
8 In Mumbai there is another issue, due to bad urban planning and real estate forces, Higher FSI & Commercial Usage is allotted to plots having access from literally 12 meter wide road which is basically a local street category, which in return shall have traffic at 30-40 kmph(as per design and code). Now what happens is, the traffic volume these streets carry is on par with Sub-arterial roads. But being a Local road it needs to have speed breakers at frequent intervals as per codes, but we tend to forget it and keep on using the road as if it is a Sub Arterial road(expectations in term of speed), that is precisely where one starts getting irritated.
In a nutshell as a driver we are at the receiving end of a chain which comprises of a bigger mess.
Example of good Speed Breakers:-
Example of bad Speed Breakers:-

In addition to these there are innumerable narrow and tall monstrosity available in our cities.